Indican: When protein is decomposed by bacteria, indole and skatol are formed. The amount of indican can be used as an indication of the presence of stagnation or infection, in general of bowel toxicity. Indican should be low, however a reading of Zero indicates undigested sugars have interfered with the test results.

Sediment tests indicate nutrients which have been digested well enough to pass through the gut wall and into the blood but were not metabolized completely and are thrown off into the urine. Ideally a sediment should consist of 0.5 mg calcium phosphate only.

Uric acid indicates excess amounts of protein intake. None should be detectable in the urine sample. Decreasing high purine food like organ meats, legumes, spinach and mushrooms, or improving digestion of them should help.

Calcium Phosphate is an insoluble salt. Its presence in amounts greater than 0.5 mg per 10 ml indicates a deficiency of carbohydrates in the diet or an inability to properly metabolize carbohydrates.

Calcium Oxalate comes form dietary intake of such things as coffee, tea, cola, chocolate, and ascorbic acid. It is also increased when calcium and magnesium intakes are deficient and when fat digestion is poor.

White color change indicates a need for probiotics.
Red or purple indicates ingestion of alkali like aspirin or antacids.

pH in nutrition refers to the acid or alkaline stimulus that is applied to the extra cellular fluids (ECF). A urine pH of 6.8 is alkaline. The higher the urinary pH the less hydrogen is available for digestive purposes because it is being used to buffer ECF. A urinary pH of 6.2 or below refers to bicarbonate ions being used to buffer excess hydrogen ions which reduces their availability to create an environment for pancreatic enzymes to work.
Generally speaking the further the pH moves away form 6.5 the weaker the digestion becomes.

Chloride indicates that the client has ingested may have a strong stimulus in an acid or alkaline direction. Low chloride is a mini-metabolic or “respiratory alkalosis”. High chlorides with an acid pH means the client needs to improve diet or has a weakened respiratory status.

Volume - normal limits are 800-2400 ml per 24 hours. Determine the fluid consumption in relationship to volume eliminated. Also examine the volume in relation to specific gravity. A high volume should have a lower specific gravity and vise versa.

High specific gravity with normal volume could indicate undigested protein or glucose, or blood in the urine. These can be determined with dipsticks.

Low volume with low specific gravity may indicate issues with the kidneys.

Vitamin C- since a deficiency is common in people who eat a diet high in refined foods, during pregnancy and lactation, and disease conditions, this nutrient should be carefully monitored in the body.

Glucose: When Glucose is found in the urine a determination of diabetes must be made. Ketones bodies are found during the breaking down of fatty acids.

Protein: is not normally in urine, but can be normal in trace amounts after severe muscle strain, emotional stress, pregnancy, fever, trauma or drinking hard water.

Blood not normal in the urine unless it is menstrual. A urologist may be needed to determine the cause.

Billirubin presence indicates inflammation of the liver and billiary stagnation or the presence of gallstones impeding the flow of bile into the small intestines.

Urobil is normally present in trace amounts. The ratio to billirubin is also important.

Nitrates are common with a bacterial contamination or a sample that was not refrigerated.

Leukocyte (white blood cells) presence means inflammation or pus. This is normal in female urine unless collected with a midstream catch.